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Table 1 Effects of pioglitazone on ovulation and meiotic resumption in follicles treated with FSH and TNF-α

From: Pioglitazone counteracts the tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced follicular development and estradiol production in an in vitro mouse preantral follicle culture system

Treatment

Number of ovulated follicles/total tested follicles (%)

Number of ovulated follicles/number of follicles with antral-like cavity formation (%)

Number of GVDB oocytes/number of ovulated COCs (%)

Control (DMSO)

0/87 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

TNF-α (5 ng/mL)

0/72 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

Pioglitazone (5 μM)

0/80 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

0/0 (0)a

FSH (100 mIU/mL)

60/126 (48)b

60/81 (74)b

60/60 (100)b

FSH + TNF-α (5 ng/mL)

14/150 (99)c

14/44 (32)c

14/14 (100)b

FSH + TNF-α (5 ng/mL) + pioglitazone (5 μM)

35/125 (28)d

35/60 (58)d

35/35 (100)b

  1. FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; GVBD, germinal vesicle breakdown; COCs, cumulus oocyte complexes. a-d Values with different superscript letters within the same column differ significantly. P < 0.05.