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Table 1 Characteristics of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) in ovarian cancer (OC)

From: Cancer-testis antigens in ovarian cancer: implication for biomarkers and therapeutic targets

CT genes

Location

Expression in OC

Positive ratio in tissues

Clinical significances in OC

Molecular biological functions involved in OC

References

AKAP3

12p13.32

OC tissues

mRNA 58% (43/74), 28% (15/54)

OS, PFS, Grade, Stage

Cell migration, Invasion

[28, 42, 69]

 

SVOV3, SKOV3, OV432

 

AKAP4

Xp11.22

OC tissues

mRNA & protein 89% (34/38)

NR

ROS generation, DNA damage, Cell cycle, Apoptosis, EMT

[29, 70]

 

A10, Caov-3, SKOV3

 

BAGE

21p11.2

OC tissues

mRNA 14.6% (6/41)

Metastasis, Diagnostic sensitivity in ascites

NR

[24, 37]

 

OC ascites specimens

mRNA 63% (17/27)

 
 

COC1

 

BORIS

20q13.31

OC tissues

NR

OS, PFS, Stage, global DNA hypomethylation

Immortalization (Activates hTERT transcription) Coregulation with other CT genes

[49, 51, 58, 94]

 

OVCAR3, A2780, OVCAR429

 

CT45

Xq26.3

OC tissues

mRNA 25% (29/118)

OS, DFS, Stage

Coregulation with other CT genes

[27, 31]

 

OVSAHO

Protein 37% (82/219)

 

GAGE-1/2

Xp11.23

OC tissues

mRNA 26.8% (11/41)

Diagnostic sensitivity in ascites

Paclitaxel-resistant phenotype

[24, 34, 37, 78]

 

OC ascites specimens

mRNA 30% (8/27)

 
 

A2780

Protein 13.9% (30/216)

 

HOM-TES-85

Xq23

OC tissues

mRNA 32% (7/22)

NR

Transcriptional activity and splicing

[95]

HORMAD1

1q21.3

Cell linesa

NR

NR

Cell survival, Invasion, Migration, Tumor microenvironment (VEGF, NF-κB)

[76, 77]

HSP70-2

6p21.33

SKOV3, Caov-3, A-10

NR

NR

Cell cycle, Apoptosis, EMT

[67]

LAGE-1

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 21% (22/107)

Stage

NR

[25]

 

SKOV3

 

MAGE-A1

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 53.7% (22/41), 21% (12/58), 40.3% (25/62)

PFS, Tumor differentiation, Stage, Metastasis, Diagnostic sensitivity in ascites

Cell proliferation, Migration (NOTCH signaling), Coregulation with other MAGE genes.

[19, 21, 24, 37, 78, 96]

 

mRNA or protein 15% (42/281)

 
 

OC ascites specimens

mRNA 7% (2/27)

 

Cell linesb

  

MAGE-A2

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 9% (5/58)

Chemotherapy

Cell growth, Paclitaxel-resistant phenotype, Coregulation with other MAGE genes.

[19, 78]

MAGE-A3

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 36.6% (15/41), 40.3% (25/62)

Tumor differentiation, Stage,

Cell growth, Coregulation with other MAGE genes,

[19, 21, 23, 33, 37, 78]

 

mRNA or protein 36% (131/390)

Diagnostic sensitivity in ascites or plasma

Paclitaxel-resistant phenotype

 

OC ascites specimens

mRNA 30% (8/27)

 
 

A2780, COC1, OV-90

 

MAGE-A4

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 7% (4/58), 64.5% (40/62)

OS

Coregulation with other MAGE genes

[19, 21, 22, 33, 34]

 

Protein 23% (49/216)

 
 

mRNA or protein 47% (186/399)

 
 

Serum

Protein 22% (13/60)

 

MAGE-A9

Xq28

OC tissues

Protein 37% (47/128)

OS, Stage, Grade, CA-125, Metastasis

NR

[39]

MAGE-A10

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 11.3% (7/62)

PFS

Coregulation with other MAGE genes

[21, 33]

 

mRNA or protein 52% (204/395)

 

MAGE-C1

Xq27.2

OC tissues

mRNA 14.5% (9/62)

PFS, Grade, Chemotherapy

Coregulation with other MAGE genes

[21, 33, 34]

 

mRNA or protein 16% (42/267)

 
 

Protein 25% (52/212)

 

NY-ESO-1

Xq28

OC tissues

mRNA 25.9% (260/1002)

OS, PFS, Stage, Grade

Coregulation with other CT genes ( LAGE-1 )

[14, 25, 33, 34]

 

mRNA 30% ( 32/107) 8.1% (5/62)

 
 

Protein 43% (62/143), 7.1 % (15/211), 26.5% (232/874)

 
 

SKOV3, A2780, OVCAR3

mRNA or protein 41% (408/1002), 43% (82/190)

 

OY-TES-1

12p13.31

OC tissues

mRNA 32.3% (20/62)

Survival time, faster relapse

Spindle-pole congression, Cell proliferation, Paclitaxel resistance

[33, 35, 83, 97]

 

mRNA or protein 69% (69/100)

 
 

PEO4, PEO1

Protein 81% (87/107)

 

PRAME

22q11.22

OC tissues

mRNA 60% (70/119)

OS, DFS, Grade, Stage, Metastasis,

NR

[60, 98]

 

Cell linesc

 

Global DNA hypomethylation

 

PASD1

Xq28

OC tissues

NR

NR

NR

[99]

PIWIL1

12q24.33

OC tissues

mRNA 61% (129/211)

OS, Metastasis, Chemotherapy,

Interacts with let-7a, Invasiveness, Angiogenesis

[43, 100,101,102]

 

A2780

Protein 18/20 (90%)

 

PIWIL2

8p21.3

OC tissues

mRNA 29% (18/62)

Metastasis

Cisplatin resistance (repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage)

[33, 43, 82]

 

Cell linesd

Protein 19/20 (95%)

 

PIWIL3

22q11.23

OC tissues

Protein 19/20 (95%)

Metastasis

 

[43]

PIWIL4

11q21

OC tissues

Protein 19/20 (95%)

Metastasis

 

[43, 102]

 

OVCAR5

 

PLU-1

1q32.1

OC tissues

Protein 71% (85/120)

OS, DFS, Stage, Grade, Metastasis, Chemotherapy

NR

[80]

PLAC1

Xq26.3

OC tissues,

mRNA 21% (21/101)

NR

NR

[61, 103, 104]

 

Cell lines e

 

SPAG9

17q21.33

OC tissues

mRNA 90% (18/20)

NR

Cell proliferation, Invasion, Migration (JLP-JNK signaling)

[30]

 

Cell linesf

Protein 67% (20/30)

 

SCP-1

1p13.2

OC tissues

mRNA 15% (15/100)

Grade, survival

NR

[105]

SP17

11q24.2

OC tissues

mRNA 68% (17/25)

Chemotherapy

Cell migration, Chemosensitivity (carboplatin, cisplatin).

[32, 91, 106]

 

Protein 43% (30/70)

 

Vaccination against SP17 controlled tumor growth in a murine model

 
 

Metastatic ascitic fluid

 
 

HO-8910, ES-2, SKOV-3

 

SSX2

Xp11.22

OC tissues,

mRNA 10% (12/122)

Potential diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer (anti-SSX common epitope, sera)

NR

[26, 107]

 

SVOV3, OVCAR3,

  

SSX1

Xp11.22

OC tissues

mRNA 2.5% (/3/118)

 
 

SKOV3

 

SSX4

Xp11.22

OC tissues,

mRNA 16% (19/120)

 
 

SVOV3, SKOV3, OVCAR3

mRNA 50% (6/12)

 

TAG-1

5p15.2

OC tissues

mRNA 35% (8/23)

NR

NR

[108]

  

Cell linesg

  

TAG-2a

5p15.2

OC tissues

mRNA 22% (5/23)

 
  

Cell linesh

  

TAG-2b

5p15.2

OC tissues

mRNA 9% (2/23)

 
  

OVCAR3, TTB-6

  

TAG-2c

5p15.2

OC tissues

mRNA 9% (2/23)

 
 

OVCAR3, SW626, TTB-6

 

TRAG-3

Xq28

OC tissues

Protein 83.8% (31/37)

OS, PFS, Chemotherapy

Coregulation with other cancer-testis antigens.

[36, 81]

 

SKOV-3TR, OVCAR-4

 
  1. OC, Ovarian cancer; OS, Overall survival; PFS, Progression-free survival; EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; DFS, Disease-free survival
  2. NR, Not reported. aA2780, 2774, SKOV3, ES-2. b SKOV3, A2780, COC1, SKOV3ip. cOVCAR3, SKOV3, CAOV-3, OVSAHO, A2780, SNU119, IOSE121
  3. dOVCAR5, CDDP, 2008C13, A2780, CP70, MCP2, MCP3, MCP8, 2008. e CAOV4, SKOV3, CaoV3, BG1
  4. fA-10, SKOV-6, CAOV-2, Cov362, OVCAR4, Cov318, CAOV-3, OV90, ES-2, TYKNU
  5. gCAOV-3, CAOV-4, ES-2, OV-90, OVCAR3, SKOV3, SW626, SW626, TOV-21G, TTB-6. hCAOV-3, COV413, OV-90, OVCAR3, SW626, TTB-6
  6. Bold font indicates the positivity rate in bodily fluids rather than in tissues