Table 2 Postnatally galactose-induced animal models for POI
Author, year (Refs.) | Strain & treatment | Age at treatment in group (s) & (age of sampling) | Results | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ovarian morphological histology | Appearance changes | Hormonal profile | Estrus cycle, vaginal opening | Body weight | Metabolic disturbances | |||
Swartz et al., 1988 [26] | White mice, feeding by 50% galactose, superovulation by HMG, and HCG | 6 weeks, Grp1:feeding by galactose for two weeks (8 weeks) Grp 2: feeding by galactose for four weeks (10 weeks) Grp 3: feeding by galactose for six weeks (12 weeks) Grp 4: Feeding for 2,4, and 6 weeks, then superovulation (the day after treatment) Grp 5: Feeding for 7 weeks, then regular standard feeding for 1 week, then super-ovulation (the day after treatment) (Adv) | Grp1,2,3: CL↓ Grp 4: CL↓, ovulatory response ↓ Grp 5: ovulatory response (NC) | NR | NR (Lim) | NR (Lim) | Grp 1,2,3,5↓ Grp 4: NR | NR |
Yan z et al. 2018 [27] | C57BL/6 female mice, aged, subcutaneously injected D galactose 200 mg/kg/day for 42 days, | 7–8 weeks (after 42 days intervention) | PMF ↓ AGC ↑ | NR | FSH↑ LH↑ E2↓ P↓ AMH mRNA expression ↓ (ADV) | NR (Lim) | NR | NR |
Zhang et al. 2016 [28] | KM mice, (age?) feeding 35% galactose, for 70 days | PND?,(Lim) (70 days after feeding) | OO (NEC) GC (APOP)↑ CL↓ No mature oocyte in antral follicles | No abnormality in uterus No obvious pathological change in ovary | FSH↓ LH (NSD) E2 (NSD) | NR (Lim) | GR↓ BW↓ | GAL↑ Alb↑ TP↑ |
Zhang et al. 2017 [29] | ICR F1 hybrids, 12–14 days, preantral follicle culture, 5 mg/ml D-galactose. Culture and in vitro | Only preantral follicles with two layers of granulosa cells (100–130 μm) with intact basal membrane and some theca cells | Inhibit follicle development it does not exhibit obvious follicular toxicity at day 2 of culture, the influence of D-galactose on oocyte maturation is relatively weak | NR | NR (Lim) | NR (Lim) | NR | NR |
Meyer et al. 1992 [30] | SD rat, feeding by 40% galactose | Pre pubertal,PND 21–24, (immediately after weaning) | ovulation ↓ granulosa cells↓ | NR | NR (Lim) | NR | Body weight↓ Ovary weight↓ | Ovarian Galactitol concentration↑ |
Ahangarpour et al. 2016 [31] | NMRI mice, injected subcutaneously with D-galactose 500 mg/kg/d for 45 days) and concomitantly administered normal saline by gavage twice daily for the last 7 days | 3 months (after 45 days treatment) | No Graafian follicles No zona pellucida | Atrophy of the endometrium | LH↑ FSH↑ E2↓ progesterone↓ | Disrupt the estrous cycle | Body weight↑ Ovary and uterus -weight/body weight↓ | NR |
Wang et al. 2018 [32] | Kunming white mice, Daily ip. Injection of 200 mg/kg D-galactose (dissolved in saline, 0.2 ml/mouse/day) for 50 days, and between the 21st to 50th day of D-galactose injections, the group also received 0.5% CMC-Na solution (0.3 ml/mouse/day) by gavage. | Six to eight week-old (the end of 50 days treatment) | No mature follicles More atretic follicles Reduced follicle numbers Smaller follicles Diameter of ovarian follicles at all stages ↓ Proportion of secondary follicles ↑ The number of interna theca cells in tertiary follicles ↓ The number of externa theca cells in tertiary follicles ↑ | NR | FSH↑ LH↑ AMH↓ E2↓ | NR (Lim) | NR (Lim) | NR |
Liu et al. 2005 [33] | Long-Evans rats, High lactose diet (HLD),41.9 g Lactose Ovaries morphology at 2 months of age for baseline, seven months later for intervention outcomes | 25-days-old, (7 month later) | No significant differences in the number of primordial, growing, and antral follicles |  | Progesterone ↓ Estradiol (NC) | Irregular EC from 5 months of age | Body weight ↓ Increased fresh ovary weight (+) | NR |
Liu et al. 2006 [34] | Long-Evans rats, 20% galactose diet, | 21-day-old,(PND 40) | Growing and antral follicles ↓ Primordial NC Atretic NC Non growing follicles ↑ | NR (Lim) | no significant changes in the serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone | The study has done before the first spontaneous ovulation (ADV) | Body weight (NC) Ovaries w (NC) Uterus weight ↓ | NR |
Lai et al. 2003 [35] | SD, Feeding by 50% galactose for 4 weeks, followed by PMSG (50 IU/100 g) and HCG (50 IU/100 g) | 3–4 weeks, Grp i: 4 weeks GAL diet, PMSG (48 h later) Grp ii: 4 weeks GAL diet, PMSG, 48 h later HCG (8 h later) Grp iii: 4 weeks GAL diet, PMSG, 48 h later HCG (13 h later) Grp iv: 4 weeks GAL diet, PMSG, 48 h later HCG (18 h later) | Ovulated OO↓ corpora lutea ↓ volume corpora lutea↑ | NR (Lim) | NR (Lim) | NR (Lim) | BW↓ GR↓ Kidney W↑ Spleen w↑ Liver↑ ovarian and uterus (NC) | galactose-1-phosphate↑ |