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Table 3 Tumor-derived organoids and its applications, adapted from [12, 13, 26, 30]

From: Organoids of epithelial ovarian cancer as an emerging preclinical in vitro tool: a review

Cancer type

Aim of study

Breast

- Elucidate pathways of tumorigenesis and metastasis

- Detect drug response of organoids

- Validation of disease-causing genomic variations

- Organoid biobank

Colorectal

- Genetic diversity of patient- derived tumor organoids and the original tumor biopsy

- Organoid biobank

- Personalized medicine

- Modeling specific subtype of colon cancer

Endometrium

- Organoid biobank

- Precision medicine

Glioblastoma

- Organoid model of non-epithelial tumor

Liver

- Organoid biobank

- Detection of driver mutations

Pancreatic

- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma modeling and drug screening

- Organoid model

Prostate

- Tumor modeling

- Lineage and cell transition monitoring

Renal

Method for renal carcinoma 3D culture

Stomach and esophageal

- Genomic-based classification of gastric cancer

- New driver mutation detection

- Personalized medicine

- Organoid biobank

- Long-term 3D cultures of human gastric stem cells and bacterial infection study