Fig. 5

Withaferin A impedes activation of NF-κ-related inflammatory cytokines. (a) Representative images of tumor samples subjected to immunofluorescent immunohistochemical staining against phospho-p65 (red color). Nuclei were visualized with DAPI counterstaining (blue color). Arrow points to phospho-p65⁺ nuclei. Scale Bar = 20 μm. N = 4, 5, 4, respectively. (b) Relative mRNA levels of select inflammatory cytokines in tumor samples. N = 4 in each group. (c) Concentration of select cytokines (pg/ml) in tumor samples. N = 4 in each group. Opaque black circles indicate individual data points. ^#P < 0.05; ^##p < 0.01; ^###p < 0.001; ^####p < 0.0001, value significantly different from corresponding value of vehicle treated group as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSDT. ^$P < 0.05, value significantly different from corresponding value of WFA 2 mg/kg group