Table 1 Related OS factors leading to ovarian aging
From: The role of oxidative stress in ovarian aging: a review
Influence Factors | Injury Effects Summary |
|---|---|
Aging | • Decreased pregnancy and live birth rates • Increased ROS production, decreased antioxidant system defense • Frequent DSBs, inefficient DDR repair, accumulation of DNA damage • Mitochondrial dysfunction • Accumulation of biomacromolecules damage |
Cigarette smoking | • Extension of conception time, reduction of fertility incidence, extension of IVF-ET treatment cycles • Increased ROS formation, depletion of protective antioxidants • Impairment of ovarian function in female offspring |
High-sugar diet | • Increasing levels of ROS through AGEs production • Dysregulation of insulin signaling pathway • Hyperplasia of extracellular matrix • Impairment of blood vessel • Induction of inflammation and hypoxia |
Pressure | • Reduced pregnancy rate • Direct negative effects on HPO and HPA axes • Decrease of antioxidant expression • Accelerated cellular autophagy, apoptosis and paraptosis • Disorder of endocrine hormone |
Superovulation | • Increased ROS levels and inflammatory response • Reduced primordial follicles • Increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in the long term |
Chemotherapy | • Depletion of antioxidant enzymes • Mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation • Exacerbated cell apoptosis • Atresia of growing follicles, overactivation of primordial follicular |
Industrial Pollution | • Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential • Exacerbated DNA damage • Spindle assembly destruction • Increased cell apoptosis and autophagy • Inhibition of steroid synthesis |