Table 2 Additional antioxidant therapy improving ovarian aging

Melatonin

• Increased fertilization rate, number of quality embryos and pregnancy rate

• Acceleration of follicle growth, improvement of oocyte quality and increase of progesterone production

• Improvement of primordial follicular hyperactivation

• Neutralization of free radicals and increase of antioxidant enzymes activity

• Enhancement of DSBs repair

• Improvement of mitochondrial membrane potential

• Increased telomere length

• Inhibition of cell apoptosis

Vitamin C

• Reduced accumulation of OS damage products and inflammatory factors

• Increase of antioxidant enzyme expression

• Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation

• Promotion of steroid production

Vitamin E

• Assistance of GSH-Px1 to exert antioxidant function

• Upregulation of GLUT-1 expression

• Inhibition of abnormal proliferation of TICs

Stem cell therapy

• Secretion of large amounts of EGF

• Promotion of granulosa cell proliferation and oocyte maturation

• Reduced autophagy in TICs

Antioxidant Monomer

• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

• Maintenance of homeostasis between cell proliferation and apoptosis

• Reduced condensation of nucleus chromatin

• Promotion of damaged ovarian stem cell repair

TCM related

• Reduction of cell apoptosis

• Decreased follicular atresia

• Upregulation of antioxidant enzyme expression

• Inhibition of primordial follicles loss