Fig. 1

CFDTW reduces the expression of PKP3 by augmenting the PKP3 promoter methylation in PCOS patients. A, A clustering heat map of methylation levels in ovarian granulosa cells from healthy controls (n = 6) and PCOS patients with PDS (n = 12) based on RRBS data. B, A clustering heat map of methylation levels in ovarian granulosa cells from PCOS patients with PDS (n = 6) and CFDTW-treated PCOS patients with PDS (n = 6) based on RRBS data. The abscissa represents the group and the ordinate represents the clustering effect of the methylation level value, from blue to red representing the increasing methylation level. C, Venn diagram of differential methylation analysis results between healthy controls and PCOS patients, PCOS patients and CFDTW-treated PCOS patients. D, Schematic diagram of the CpG islands of the human PKP3 gene promoter. E, The methylation degree of PKP3 gene promoter in ovarian granulosa cell samples isolated from clinical patients determined by MSP assay. F, The methylation status of CpG islands in PKP3 gene promoter in ovarian granulosa cell samples isolated from clinical patients determined by BSP assay. The color of the circle at each CpG site represents the percentage of methylation. G, A box plot of PKP3 gene expression in PCOS-related GSE8157 dataset. Blue represents control samples (n = 13), and red represents PCOS samples (n = 10). H, mRNA expression of PKP3 determined by RT-qPCR in ovarian granulosa cell samples isolated from clinical patients. * p < 0.05 vs. healthy controls. # p < 0.05 vs. PCOS patients with PDS