Fig. 1

The measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA copy number. MMP in human granulosa cells (GCs) was compared between patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, measured by the ratio of red to green fluorescence intensity. The bars represent the mean ± standard deviation of MMP in 2 × 10⁴ GCs (A). ATP content in human granulosa cells (GCs) was compared and measured between patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. The bars represent the mean ± standard deviation of ATP content in 2 × 10⁴ GCs (B). The level of ROS in human granulosa cells (GCs) from patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer. The average fluorescence intensity of non-PCOS GCs was defined as 1.0. The fluorescence intensity of ROS was normalized by non-PCOS in 2 × 10.⁴ GCs (C). The relative level of mitochondrial DNA copy number in human granulosa cells from patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome was measured by RT-PCR. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. A t-test was used for statistical analysis: **, P < 0.01. The assays were repeated three times (D)