Table 2 Comparison of biochemical parameters between and within the thylakoid and the placebo group at baseline and after the intervention

FBG(mg/dl)

70–99

Baseline

93.09 (5.39)

96.56 (7.43)

-3.47 (-7.46, 0.52)

0.13

0.05

End

92.66 (4.77)

96.08 (6.09)

-3.42 (-6.75, -0.08)

0.13

MD (95% CI)

-0.43 (-1.05, 0.19)

-0.48 (-1.36, 0.40)

P value

0.165^*

< 0.001^**

0.273^*

< 0.001^**

Insulin(µU/mL)

5–15

Baseline

17.97 (2.45)

18.63 (2.33)

-0.65 (-2.11, 0.80)

0.52

0.74

End

12.57 (2.11)

17.43 (2.25)

-4.86 (-6.19, -3.52)

0.88

MD (95% CI)

-5.40 (-6.25, -4.55)

-1.19 (-1.56, -0.83)

P value

< 0.001^*

0.006^**

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^**

HOMA-IR

< 1

Baseline

4.14 (0.69)

4.43 (0.59)

-0.29 (-0.68, 0.10)

0.54

0.75

End

2.87 (0.49)

4.12 (0.53)

-1.25 (-1.56, -0.93)

0.72

MD (95% CI)

-1.27 (-1.48, -1.05)

-0.31 (-0.42, -0.19)

P value

< 0.001^*

0.003**

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^**

DHEA-S(µg/dl)

45–270

Baseline

246.09 (9.58)

242.56 (7.42)

3.53 (-1.66, 8.72)

0.18

< 0.01

End

241.66 (5.65)

241.91 (5.88)

-0.24 (-3.76, 3.27)

0.73

MD (95% CI)

-4.43 (-8.64, -0.22)

-0.65 (-4.52, 3.21)

P value

0.040^*

0.104^**

0.730^*

0.996^**

FTI

0.34–12.36

Baseline

8.82 (0.97)

9.28 (1.07)

-0.46 (-1.08, 0.16)

0.59

0.47

End

7.86 (0.48)

8.83 (0.93)

-0.96 (-1.42, -0.50)

< 0.01

MD (95% CI)

-0.96 (-1.24, -0.66)

-0.45 (-0.58, -0.31)

P value

< 0.001^*

0.001^**

< 0.001^*

< 0.001^**

FSH/LH

1–2

Baseline

0.57 (0.05)

0.58 (0.05)

-0.01 (-0.06, 0.01)

0.06

< 0.01

End

0.56 (0.05)

0.56 (0.05)

0.00 (-0.06, 0.01)

0.07

MD (95% CI)

-0.01 (-0.00, 0.00)

-0.02 (-0.00, 0.00)

P value

0.582^*

< 0.001^**

0.578^*

< 0.001^**

BDNF(ng/ml)

8–46

Baseline

14.05 (1.25)

13.63 (1.10)

0.42 (-0.31, 1.16)

0.41

0.26

End

15.34 (1.73)

13.48 (1.17)

1.85 (0.90, 2.79)

0.34

MD (95% CI)

1.29 (0.47, 1.95)

-0.14 (-0.97, 0.69)

P value

0.003^*

< 0.001^**

0.728^*

0.084^**

LPS(EU/ml)

0.15–0.35

Baseline

2.35 (0.20)

2.35 (0.22)

0.01 (-0.82, 0.9)

0.25

0.38

End

2.21 (0.23)

2.55 (0.23)

-0.34 (-1.90, 1.12)

0.40

MD (95% CI)

-0.14 (-0.27, -0.02)

0.21 (-1.46, 1.87)

P value

0.022*

< 0.001^**

0.012^*

0.174^**

S100B(ng/ml)

0.02–0.15

Baseline

0.14 (0.02)

0.13 (0.04)

0.01 (-0.12, 0.36)

0.05

< 0.01

End

0.13 (0.04)

0.13 (0.04)

0.01 (-0.32, 0.36)

0.02

MD (95% CI)

-0.01 (-0.01, 0.02)

-0.00 (-0.03, 0.03)

P value

0.377^*

0.349^**

0.916^*

0.536^**

Catalase(nmol/min/ml)

2–35

Baseline

13.64 (8.04)

13.95 (9.08)

-0.31 (-5.25, 5.61)

0.57

0.09

End

15.98 (9.06)

10.80 (7.78)

5.18 (-1.80, 9.12)

0.45

MD (95% CI)

2.34 (-4.15, 8.84)

-3.15 (-8.03, 1.72)

P value

0.458*

0.595**

0.193^*

0.081^**

TAC(mmol/l)

0.3–0.46

Baseline

1.40 (0.52)

1.53 (0.70)

-0.13 (-0.51, 0.24)

0.05

0.04

End

1.44 (0.58)

1.70 (0.54)

-0.26 (-0.59, 0.08)

0.39

MD (95% CI)

0.04 (-0.26, 0.34)

0.16 (0.16, 0.49)

P value

0.773*

0.519**

0.303^*

0.880^**

MDA(nmol/ml)

6.2–26.0

Baseline

5.12 (1.76)

4.18 (1.34)

0.93 (-2.10, 3.98)

0.79

0.02

End

3.57 (1.58)

2.77 (1.95)

0.80 (-0.95, 3.22)

0.29

MD (95% CI)

-1.55 (-6.42, 2.54)

-1.41 (-3.83, -0.98)

P value

0.331^*

0.446^**

0.198^*

0.067^**