Fig. 3

Fecal fungal characteristic variations associated with PCOS. a α diversity measured by Chao1 and Shannon indices was highest in Healthy-HB. p values denote the significance among groups. Letters indicate ANOVA grouping. b Differences in fungal structures among Healthy-LB, Healthy-HB, PCOS-HB and PCOS-LB, as revealed by PCoA analysis. c RDA analyses reflecting differences in gut fungal structures fitted with significantly correlated clinical properties. d Distinguished fungal genera screened by Kruskal–Wallis tests. e Correlation between distinguished fungal genera and key clinical parameters. f Characteristic fungal taxa based on LDA effect size (LEfSe) analysis between PCOS patients and healthy individuals