Fig. 3

LPA up-regulates autophagy through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Serum-starved KGNs were treated with 20 μM LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), as well as 5 mM 3MA (autophagy inhibitor) for 24 h, before exposure to 10 μM LPA for 24 h. The autophagy related protein levels (A) and apoptosis related protein levels B were detected by Western Blotting (cropped gels). Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 C, and flow cytometry analysis D were also taken. n = 3 per group. Data are presented as means ± SEM; ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.0001 vs. CON, ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.0001 vs. LPA