Skip to main content
Download PDF

Effects of single and multiple transplantations of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the recovery of ovarian function in the treatment of premature ovarian failure in mice

Journal of Ovarian Research volume 14, Article number: 119 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Currently, there is no effective treatment for premature ovarian failure (POF), and stem cell therapy is considered the most promising treatment. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have shown good regenerative ability in various diseases, including POF; however, their underlying mechanism and dosage for POF treatment remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effect of single and multiple injections of hUC-MSCs on ovarian function repair in chemotherapy-induced POF.

Methods

Female mice were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg busulfan and 120 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CTX) to induce POF. In the single hUC-MSC injection group, hUC-MSCs were transplanted into mice D7 after CTX and busulfan administration, while in the multiple injection group, hUC-MSCs were transplanted on D7, D14, and D21 after CTX and busulfan administration. We evaluated the ovarian morphology, fertility, follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol concentrations, follicle count, POF model, and cell transplantation results. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and miRNA and mRNA chips were used to evaluate the effect of the cell therapy.

Results

Ovary size, number of follicle at all developmental stages, and fertility were significantly reduced in the POF group compared with the control. Under hUC-MSC treatment, the ovarian morphology and follicle count were significantly restored, and fertility was significantly increased. By comparing the single and multiple hUC-MSC injection groups, we found that the anti-Müllerian hormone and Ki-67 levels were significantly increased in the multiple hUC-MSC group on D60 after chemotherapy. The expression of stimulating hormone receptors, inhibin α, and inhibin β was significantly restored, and the therapeutic effect was superior to that of the single hUC-MSC injection group.

Conclusion

These results indicate that hUC-MSCs can restore the structure of injured ovarian tissue and its function in chemotherapy-induced POF mice and ameliorate fertility. Multiple hUC-MSC transplantations have a better effect on the recovery of ovarian function than single hUC-MSC transplantation in POF.

Background

Premature ovarian failure (POF) usually manifests as amenorrhea and infertility; the serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level is increased, and the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and serum estrogen are reduced [1]. Anticancer therapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide (CTX) and busulfan, have been shown to be highly damaging to ovarian follicles [2]. Therefore, the preservation of fertility and ovarian function should be the main considerations for chemotherapy in women of childbearing age. Recently, stem cells have been used to restore the normal functions of injured tissues or organs [3,4,5] and are also considered a novel option for treating female infertility [6,7,8,9].

Many studies on POF animal models have confirmed that the administration of MSCs obtained from various cell types can protect and possibly restore ovarian function and structure [10,11,12]. Among the various MSCs, human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) have attracted much attention because of their low immunogenicity and potential use in allogeneic therapy [13]. Moreover, hUC-MSCs do not require invasive methods to obtain sufficient cells for use in regenerative therapy. Studies have shown that MSCs promote ovarian cell growth and improve ovarian function through paracrine effects [14]. Therefore, the use of secretins, cytokines, and exosomes derived from MSCs to develop cell-free therapies that can circumvent cellular immunogenicity [15, 16] has become the focus of an increasing number of studies. Gupta et al. used the secretome of human uterine cervical stem cells to treat menopausal women and restore their reproductive function [17], and Ahmadian et al. used platelet-rich plasma to restore fertility in a POF mouse model [18]. Although cell-free therapy has a positive therapeutic effect on POF, the paracrine effect of MSCs is not the main reason MSC therapy plays a role in POF treatment. Ling et al. found that the therapeutic effect of MSC medium on POF is not as good as that of MSCs [19]; therefore, exploring the quality and dosage of MSCs and their mechanism of action is still the focus for determining the therapeutic effect of MSCs [20].

However, the dose for hUC-MSC transplantation and its therapeutic effect on POF remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs on the ovarian function in chemotherapy-induced POF mice and to evaluate the effect of single and multiple injections of hUC-MSCs on ovarian function recovery.

Materials and methods

Isolation and culture of hUC-MSCs

Human umbilical cord samples were obtained from full-term babies delivered by cesarean section at the Haidian Maternal Child Health Hospital. The umbilical cords were washed with PBS to remove blood. The arteries and veins were removed from the umbilical cords, after which they were cut into small pieces of 0.5–1 mm3 and placed at the bottom of a tissue culture dish. The Petri dish was then placed in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cells were cultured in MEMα complete medium (10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin G, and 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin). When the cells reached approximately 90% confluence, they were digested using 0.25% trypsin, and the 1:2 separation and passage was continued for the cells to reach the logarithmic growth phase [21, 22].

Establishment of the POF mouse model and grouping

Six-week-old female Institute of Cancer Research mice were purchased from Huayikang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China. All animals had free access to food and water. Vaginal smears were used to monitor the estrus cycle. As exhibited in Fig. 1a, the experiment consisted of two groups: single transplantation group (named 1 × MSC treatment) and thrice transplantation group (named 3 × MSC treatment). Overall, 200 mice were randomly divided into four sub-groups: sham, POF, and MSC treatment groups. The mice in the sham group were injected with saline only. The mice in the POF group were intraperitoneally injected with chemotherapeutic drugs (a mixture of 120 mg/kg CTX and 30 mg/kg busulfan) to establish a POF model. The day of chemotherapeutic drug administration was recorded as day 0 (D0). The mice in the MSC treatment group were given chemotherapeutic drugs, and then injected with 100 μL of 2 × 106 hUC-MSC suspensions per transplantation by the tail vein [23]. In the 1 × MSC treatment group, hUC-MSCs were injected into the tail vein on D7 after chemotherapy; then 5 mice in each group were removed from the ovaries at D14, D21, D28 and D60 after chemotherapy, while 5 mice in each group were subjected to mating experiments for fertility testing. In the 3 × MSC treatment group, hUC-MSCs were injected into the tail vein on D7, D14, and D21 after chemotherapy, then the ovaries of 5 mice in each group were removed on D28 and D60 after chemotherapy, while 5 mice in each group were subjected to mating experiments for fertility testing. In the fertility testing experiment, the mice were caged at a 2:1 male to female ratio. All procedures were approved by the Animal Protection and Use Committee of the National Family Planning Society of China. This study was conducted in strict accordance with the recommendations in the “Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health.”

Fig. 1
figure 1

The characterization and differentiation of hUC-MSCs. a The experimental procedure of hUC-MSCs in the treatment of POF. b, c, d The hUC-MSCs differentiate into osteoblasts, scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3. e, f, g adipocytes, scale bar = 100 μm. n = 3. h Flow cytometric analysis of hUC-MSCs. CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 were positive and CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45 and HLA-DR were negative. n = 3. i Human nuclei antigen was negative in POF murine ovarian section, the recipient ovaries after hUC-MSCs transplantation were expressed human nuclei antigen. Stain hUC-MSCs as a positive control. n = 3

Full size image

Organ coefficient and pregnancy rate

The mice were injected with 10 IU of PMSG 2 d before euthanasia to ensure that the mice in each group were in the same estrus cycle. The mice were weighed before being euthanized, and the ovaries were quickly removed and weighed after euthanasia to calculate the organ coefficient as follows, using at least five mice per group:

$$Organ coefficient (\%)=\left(\frac{ovarian weight}{mouse weight}\right)\times 100$$

One ovary from each mouse was retrieved for tissue analysis and the other for molecular biology testing. An effective pregnancy was considered when the mice gave birth. The fertility rate was determined using the following formula, using at least five mice per group:

$$Pregnancy rate \left(\%\right)=\left(\frac{number of pregnant mice in each group}{number of mice in each group}\right)\times 100$$

Immunophenotypic analysis

A Human MSC Analysis Kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used to identify the MSCs. Cells were resuspended in a 1 × 107 cells/mL buffer, and 100 µL of prepared cell suspension was added to nine tubes and incubated with various fluorescent dye-conjugated specific antibodies, including FITC mouse anti-human CD90 (tube 1), PE mouse anti-human CD44 (tube 2), PerCP-Cy™5.5 mouse anti-human CD105 (tube 3), APC mouse anti-human CD73 (tube 4), nothing (tube 5), hMSC positive isotype control cocktail and PE hMSC negative isotype control cocktail (tubes 6 and 8, respectively), and hMSC positive and PE hMSC negative cocktails (tubes 7 and 9, respectively), in the dark for 30 min at 20 °C. The results were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the experimental results were verified thrice.

Osteogenic differentiation

To promote osteogenic differentiation, the cells were seeded into 12-chamber slides and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (HyClone Laboratories Inc., Logan, Utah, USA) containing 10% FBS. When the cells reached 70–80% confluence, the medium was replaced with osteogenic differentiation medium (HyClone Laboratories Inc.), which was changed every 3 d [24]. Two weeks later, the calcified extracellular matrix was stained with 2% Alizarin red to confirm osteogenic differentiation. The experiment was repeated thrice.

Adipogenic differentiation

To induce adipogenic differentiation, cells were cultured in an MSC medium until they reached 90% confluence. The cells were then induced in an adipogenic induction medium (MEMα modification, HyClone Laboratories Inc.) for 3 d. Afterward, the adipogenic induction medium was replaced with a maintenance medium containing 10 µM insulin and MSC medium and changed every 3 d. For the negative control, cells were cultured in an MSC medium [25]. After 1 week, the intracellular lipid droplets formed were stained using Oil red O staining. The experiment was repeated thrice.

ELISA detection of mice estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone

Blood samples were collected on D14, D21, D28, and D60 after POF induction. The samples were incubated overnight at 4 °C and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was collected. The levels of E2 and FSH were measured using the Mouse E2 ELISA Kit (Bio-Swamp, Wuhan, China) and Mouse FSH ELISA Kit (Bio-Swamp), respectively. Each experiment was repeated five times.

Histologic staining and follicle counting

The ovaries were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin by dehydration, and serial sectioning was performed. The thickness of each slice was 5 μm, with each one obtained every 20 μm. Three slices per mouse were used for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The ovarian primordial, primary, secondary, and mature follicles were observed and counted under a TE2000-u reverse-phase microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The number of follicles were counted at different points of the section, and the classification and characteristics of all stages of follicle development were determined as follows: primitive follicles were close to the white membrane, and the oocyte was surrounded by a single layer of flat granular cells; primary growth follicles were surrounded by one or more layers of cubic granular cells, and red staining appeared between the two zona pellucida; the follicular membrane of the connective tissue appeared on the periphery of the follicle, a follicular cavity appeared in secondary growth follicles, and the follicular membrane could be separated into inner and outer membranes; mature follicles had an obvious cumulus, large follicular cavity, and many capillaries between the cells; and atresia follicles had a collapsed follicle wall, unclear or sometimes absent egg cell structure, and a shrunken zona pellucida. At least five mice in each group were selected for statistical analysis.

Immunohistochemical analysis

The paraffin sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and pressurized (high pressure) in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 2 min to determine antigenicity. The samples were then incubated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min to quench endogenous peroxidase activity. Sections were blocked with non-specific antigens using 10% goat serum. Sections were then incubated with Anti-Ki67 antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or mouse anti-human AMH (1:30; Bio-Rad AbD Serotec Limited, Oxford, UK) in a humidified chamber at 4 °C overnight. Negative controls were incubated with 10% goat serum at 4 °C overnight. After incubation with the primary antibody, peroxidase-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200; ZSBIO, Beijing, China) or peroxidase-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-mouse IgG (1:200; ZSBIO) was added for 1 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the sections were stained using 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (ZSBIO) at room temperature without light for 10 min and counterstained with hematoxylin for 10 s. After sealing the slides, the samples were photographed using a microscope (Nikon).

The number of Ki67-labeled proliferating cells and the total number of cells were counted in at least three high-power fields randomly selected for each slice, and at least 100 cells were counted. The proportion of proliferating cells was expressed as the ratio of the number of Ki67-positive cells to the total number of cells. At least three sections were observed for each sample. The positive signal intensity of AMH was analyzed using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland) to measure the average optical density (MOD) [26]. In short, a 24-bit RGB image was first converted to an 8-bit grayscale image. The MOD percentage of the AMH signal was expressed as the ratio of the AMH positive staining area to the entire field of view area. Three fields of view were randomly selected for each slice, and three different slices were selected for the same sample. There were at least five samples in each group.

Immunofluorescence staining

Ovary samples were collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C overnight, and then dehydrated with 30% sucrose for 1 week. MSCs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. Samples were then fixed using the Tissue-Tek OCT Compound (Sakura Finetek Middle East, Dubai, UAE) at − 80 °C and sliced into 7 μm-thick sections at − 25 °C. Slides were blocked with 10% goat serum for 1 h at room temperature and then incubated with mouse anti-human nuclei monoclonal antibody (1:100; Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA) at 4 °C overnight. Goat serum (10%), the primary antibody, was used as a negative control. Sections were probed with TRITC-labeled IgG (1:200; ZSBIO) and counterstained using 4′ 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Fluorescence images were obtained using a fluorescence microscope (DMI3000; Leica, Heidelberg, Germany). The experiment was repeated thrice. To evaluate the antibody specificity, negative control staining was performed by replacing the primary antibody with normal goat serum. hUC-MSCs were used as the positive control for staining against human nuclear antigen (Fig. 1i).

Microarray hybridization and data analysis

According to the manufacturer’s instructions, the miRNA easy Mini Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) was used to isolate total RNA from the ovaries of three mice each from the control, POF, and hUC-MSC groups (7 days after the first injection of hUC-MSCs). The miRNA microarray, including probe labeling, hybridization, hybridization image scanning, and initial data analysis, was performed by LC Sciences (LC Sciences, Houston, TX, USA) using the LC-miRHumanMouseRat_11.0_080411 array. The mRNA chip used was the OneArray chip (Tecenet, Chengdu, China). The cyclic local weighted regression method was used for normalization. A t-test was performed between the control and POF groups, POF and hUC-MSC groups, and the hUC-MSC and control groups. Afterwards, statistical analysis of the microarray data was performed.

Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

The TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) method was used to extract RNA from ovarian tissue. The RNA was extracted using a reverse transcription kit (TaKaRa Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), which reverse-transcribed cDNA for qRT-RNA detection. The ovarian samples of mice in each group at D14, D21, D28, and D60 after chemotherapy were selected for RNA extraction. For real-time PCR detection, three parallel replicate holes were set for each mouse, and five mouse samples were selected for each group. Three independent experiments were repeated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The primer sequences used are as follows: mRNA-FSHR-Forward, 5'-GAGGTGCAAGCCCAGATTTA-3'; mRNA-FSHR-Reverse, 5'-GAGGGACAAGCACGTAACTATT-3'; mRNA-INHIBINα-Forward, 5'-TCTGAACCAGAGGAGGAAGAT-3'; mRNA-INHIBINα-Reverse, 5'-GGGATGGCCGGAATACATAAG-3'; mRNA-INHIBINβ-Forward, 5'-AAGAAAGAGGTGGATGGAGATG-3'; mRNA-INHIBINβ-Reverse, 5'-CAGCATGAGGAAAGGTCTATGT-3'; mRNA-GAPDH-Forward, 5'-GGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGAACG-3'; mRNA-GAPDH-Reverse, 5'-CTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTG-3'.

Statistical analysis

The unpaired Student’s t-test was used to determine the significance between two groups. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences among the groups. Prism6.0 software was used for illustrations.

Results

hUC-MSCs express specific surface antigens and have the potential for multilineage differentiation

hUC-MSCs have multilineage differentiation potential and can induce differentiation in adipocytes (Fig. 1b–d) and osteoblasts (Fig. 1e–g). The expression rates of hUC-MSC surface antigens CD29, CD73, CD90, and CD105 were higher than 95%, and those of CD11b, CD19, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR were lower than 5% (Fig. 1h). Frozen mouse ovary sections were used to detect the migration of hUC-MSCs in the body. As shown in Fig. 1i, hUC-MSCs injected through the tail vein of the mice survived in the body and migrated to the injured site after 7 d. The hUC-MSCs displayed by red fluorescence were mainly distributed in the follicular granulosa cells in the hUC-MSC treatment group, indicating that hUC-MSCs can survive in mice and migrate to damaged parts to play a repair role.

Effects of hUC-MSC transplantation on the organ coefficient and fertility of ovaries in POF mice

The therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs on POF was evaluated using the ovarian organ coefficient. On D28 and D60, the POF group showed a significant decrease in the organ coefficient ratio compared to the sham group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2). The organ coefficient ratio of the ovaries of the mice in the single hUC-MSC injection group was significantly increased on D14 compared with the POF group (P < 0.01, Fig. 2a–e). The organ coefficient of the mouse ovaries increased significantly on D28 and D60 in the multiple hUC-MSC injection group (P < 0.05, Fig. 2f–h) compared with the POF group. The results showed that the ovary organ coefficient was restored considerably after multiple hUC-MSC injections, which was superior to that after single hUC-MSC injection in treating POF. The mouse fertility test showed that both single and multiple hUC-MSC injections restored POF mouse pregnancy rate in the short- and long-term significantly (Fig. 2i). Figure 2j and k show the number of litters per litter of mice. Among them, the conception rate of mice in the 3 × MSC treatment group recovered more significantly at D60, and the number of litters per litter increased significantly compared with the POF group. The results showed that hUC-MSCs could significantly restore the ovarian function in POF mice.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Changes of ovary weight in the once intravenous group and the multiple intravenous groups over 60 days. a, b, c, d In the once intravenous group, ovarian volume of mice was remarkably increased at 7, 14, 21, 28 days post-induction, respectively. n = 5. f, g The multiple intravenous groups showed significantly increased of ovarian volume at 28, 60 days post-induction, respectively. n = 5. e, h The histogram represents the results of statistical analysis of ovarian weight by single and multiple injections, respectively. Organ coefficient = organ weight/weight, n = 5. i Pregnancy rate of POF mice treated with D28 and D60, 1xMSC and 3xMSC. n = 5. j Number of litters per litter of POF treated with 1xMSC. n = 5. k Number of litters per litter of POF treated with 3xMSC. n = 5. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

Transplantation of hUC-MSCs upregulates the ovarian reserve in POF mice

AMH was used to determine the mouse ovarian reserve. AMH is a member of the transforming growth factor β family and is expressed by granulosa cells. The level of AMH is significantly related to the reserve capacity of the ovaries. We performed immunohistochemical staining of the ovaries to determine AMH expression in the granulosa cells of antral follicles. The results are shown in Fig. 3. The POF group had significantly downregulated AMH expression compared with the sham group. On D14 and D21, AMH expression in the ovaries of the single hUC-MSC injection group was significantly upregulated compared with that of the POF group (Fig. 3a and c). On D28 and D60, AMH expression in the ovaries of the multiple hUC-MSC injection group was significantly upregulated compared with that of the POF group (Fig. 3b and d). The results showed that on D28 and D60, the recovery of ovarian reserve capacity after multiple hUC-MSC transplantation was superior to that of single hUC-MSC transplantation.

Fig. 3
figure 3

The ovarian reserve capacity analysis. Immunohistochemistry for AMH in once intravenous group (a, c) and the multiple intravenous group (b, d). Strong expression of AMH were seen in Sham group at each time point, granulosa cells were negative in POF group, AMH expression reappeared in ovaries from MSCs group. Original magnification: 400 × . n = 5. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

Ki67 is a DNA-binding protein expressed in all active cell cycle stages and can be used as a marker for cell proliferation. The results of immunohistochemistry tests are shown in Fig. 4. The follicles of the POF mice were primarily negative, and the proliferation period was minimal compared with the sham group. In the single hUC-MSC injection group, the mouse follicles were slightly stained on D14, and the cell proliferation potential was restored (Fig. 4a and c). Deep mouse follicle staining was observed on D28 and D60 in the multiple hUC-MSC injection group relative to the POF group (Fig. 4b and d), indicating that the cell proliferation rate was significantly restored. The results showed that the multiple hUC-MSC transplantation group had a more significant recovery of the ovarian cell proliferation rate on D28 and D60 than the single hUC-MSC transplantation group.

Fig. 4
figure 4

The comparison of ovarian proliferation potential in each group. Immunohistochemistry for KI67 in once intravenous group (a, c) and the multiple intravenous group (b, d). Sham mice follicle highly expressed KI67, POF mice follicle lacked KI67 signal, the expression was observed in MSCs group. Original magnification: 400 × . n = 5. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

hUC-MSC transplantation restores follicular development

We observed the number and development of follicles at all stages in the ovaries by H&E staining (Fig. 5a and f). In the sham group, well-developed primordial, primary, secondary, and mature follicles were observed. In the POF mouse model, the ovaries were atrophied, the number of follicles at each stage decreased, and the number of atretic follicles was high. In the single hUC-MSC injection group, the number of mature follicles increased significantly compared with the POF group. The number of follicles at various developmental stages also recovered significantly (P < 0.05, Fig. 5b–e). In the multiple hUC-MSC injection group, the number of primordial and primary follicles increased significantly (P < 0.05, Fig. 5g and h). The results showed that hUC-MSCs had a good therapeutic effect on follicle recovery. At D28, the number of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles in the hUC-MSC multiple transplantation group was significantly increased compared with that in the POF group; however, this phenomenon was not observed in the single hUC-MSC transplantation group. This suggested that multiple hUC-MSC transplantations have a better therapeutic effect on POF.

Fig. 5
figure 5

The effects of hUC-MSC transplantation on ovarian morphology and follicular development in the POF mouse. a Representative H&E micrographs of ovary sections from the once intravenous group over 60 days showing all stages of follicles in Sham group, stroma, and atretic primordial or primary follicles in POF group, primordial as well as primary and large antral follicles in MSCs group. n = 5. Original magnification: 100 × . b Follicle counts at all stages on the 14th day. n = 5. c Follicle counts at all stages on the 21th day. n = 5. d Follicle counts at all stages on the 28th day. n = 5. e Follicle counts at all stages on the 60th day. n = 5. f Ovarian sections of the multiple intravenous injection group. Original magnification: 100 × . n = 5. g Morphological follicle count of mouse ovaries, the follicle counts at all stages on the 28th day. n = 5. h Morphological follicle count of mouse ovaries, the follicle counts at all stages on the 60th day. n = 5. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

hUC-MSC transplantation restored hormone levels

To further study the therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs on mouse POF, we used ELISA to determine the expression of E2 and FSH in mouse serum. As shown in Fig. 6, E2 expression in the POF group was significantly downregulated, and FSH expression was significantly upregulated compared with the sham group. Mouse serum E2 expression was upregulated in the single hUC-MSC transplantation group than in the POF group, and it was significantly upregulated on D21, D28, and D60 (P < 0.05, Fig. 6a). FSH expression decreased significantly on D60 (P < 0.05, Fig. 6c). Mice treated with multiple hUC-MSC transplantation showed a significant increase in serum E2 and FSH levels on D28 and D60 (both P < 0.05, Fig. 6b and d) relative to mice in the POF group. The results showed that the multiple hUC-MSC transplantation group performed better than the POF group, and FSH recovery in serum was more evident at D28, superior to the single hUC-MSC transplantation group. Multiple hUC-MSC transplantations may have a better therapeutic effect on POF.

Fig. 6
figure 6

The effect of hUC-MSCs on the endocrine function of POF mice. a The hormone levels of E2 from the once intravenous group and the multiple intravenous group. Comparing the POF and MSCs group, the level of E2 had a significant increase at 21, 28, 60 days post-induction. n = 5. b The level of FSH from the once intravenous group and the multiple intravenous group. It had an obvious difference at D60. n = 5. c In the multiple group, the levels of E2 were significant differences at 28, 60 days post-induction. n = 5. d In the multiple group, the levels of FSH were significant differences at 28, 60 days post-induction. n = 5, *P < 0.05. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

hUC-MSCs upregulate the expression of related molecules in ovarian granulosa cells

We selected the genes FSHR, INHIBINα, and INHIBINβ, which mainly exist in the granulosa cells of follicles, and detected the changes in gene expression using qRT-PCR. The therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs on POF was tested, and the results are shown in Fig. 7. The results showed that the expression of FSHR, INHIBINα, and INHIBINβ in the POF group was significantly downregulated compared with that in the sham group (P < 0.01). FSHR expression was more upregulated in the single hUC-MSC transplantation group than in the POF group (Fig. 7a); INHIBINα and INHIBINβ expression was significantly upregulated on D28, and D28 and D60, respectively (Fig. 7c, P < 0.01 and Fig. 7e, P < 0.05, respectively). FSHR expression was significantly upregulated in the multiple hUC-MSC injection group compared with the POF group (Fig. 7b); INHIBINα and INHIBINβ expression was significantly upregulated on D60 (Fig. 7d and f, respectively, both P < 0.05). hUC-MSC transplantation increased the expression of FSHR, INHIBINα, and INHIBINβ in ovarian tissues compared with the POF group. Multiple hUC-MSC injections had a more significant upregulation effect on INHIBINα and INHIBINβ on D60 (P < 0.05), showing a better therapeutic effect.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Effect of hUC-MSCs on the ovarian gene expression of POF mice. a Expression of FSHR in mouse ovary in single injection of hUC-MSCs group. n = 5. b Expression of FSHR in mouse ovary in the hUC-MSCs group injected multiple times. n = 5. c Expression of INHIBINα in mouse ovary in single injection of hUC-MSCs group. n = 5. d Expression of INHIBINα in mouse ovary in the hUC-MSCs group injected multiple times. n = 5. e Expression of INHIBINβ in mouse ovary in single injection of hUC-MSCs group. n = 5. f Expression of INHIBINβ in mouse ovary in the hUC-MSCs group injected multiple times. n = 5. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. 1xMSC: Single transplantation of hUC-MSC; 3xMSC: Multiple transplantation of hUC-MSC

Full size image

We used mRNA and miRNA chips to screen differentially expressed genes in ovarian tissue 7 d after hUC-MSC transplantation. Volcano mapping is a common method for observing differentially expressed genes between two groups. It can visually illustrate the fold-change and significance of the difference in the relationship between genes. Figure 8a shows the miRNA chip volcano graph analysis of the POF and 1 × MSC treatment groups, the sham operation and 1 × MSC treatment groups, and the POF and sham operation groups. Figure 8b shows a volcano map analysis of the mRNA chip where green indicates downregulated genes and red indicates upregulated genes. We observed that the miRNA chip showed fewer differential genes between the sham and 1 × MSC treatment groups, indicating that 1 × MSC repaired chemotherapy-induced POF damage at the gene level. We screened 18 miRNAs and 55 mRNAs that were upregulated after POF and downregulated after 1 × MSC treatment (Table 1); 38 miRNAs and 21 mRNAs were downregulated after POF and upregulated after 1 × MSC treatment (Table 2).

Fig. 8
figure 8

miRNA chip and mRNA chip detection of mouse ovaries. a Volcano map to detect differentially expressed miRNAs between different treatment groups. b Volcano map analysis of the mRNA chip. The ovarian tissue in hUC-MSC group was got from mice 7 days after first injection hUC-MSCs by tail vein

Full size image
Table 1 The expression of premature ovarian failure is up-regulated, and the expression of differentially expressed genes is down-regulated after hUC-MSCs treatment
Full size table
Table 2 The expression of premature ovarian failure is down-regulated, and the differentially expressed genes are up-regulated after hUC-MSCs treatment
Full size table

Discussion

The incidence of POF in women is 1% [27], and CTX treatment is among the causes of POF [28]. Therefore, treating degenerative ovarian changes and restoring ovarian function is key to ensuring female reproductive health [29]. Current methods of ovarian function restoration include ovarian transplantation [30,31,32], autologous mitochondrial microinjection [33], and dormant follicle activation [34], among others. However, problems, such as rejection reaction, oocyte quality decline, and surgical violations remain to be resolved. We chose MSCs to treat POF owing to their low immunogenicity [35] and excellent performance against degenerative diseases. MSCs can treat injured sites through homing and exocrine effects and reduce damage to the body caused by surgery. Nevertheless, because of the limited survival time of MSCs in the body, the number of MSCs required for each treatment and the number of treatments remain controversial [36].

The umbilical cord is considered waste after childbirth, but there is evidence that, compared to MSCs derived from classic cell sources, such as bone marrow or adipose tissue, UC-MSC shows special advantages, such as increased pluripotency and prolonged proliferation capacity [37]. Therefore, UC-MSC may be more suitable for cell therapy. hUC-MSCs have been shown to exhibit high differentiation potential and proliferative activity. Moreover, hUC-MSCs express the stem cell markers CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 [38,39,40] and have the potential to differentiate into cells of all three embryonic tissue layers [41,42,43]. MSCs are multipotent cells defined in part by their ability to generate adipose, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell in vitro [44, 45]. We conducted experiments on the induction of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of stem cells to further verify that the isolated cells are hUC-MSCs.

In order to test whether hUC-MSCs play a role in the treatment of POF, we took samples of mouse ovaries 7 days after injection of hUC-MSCs to detect these with anti-human nuclear antibody. Anti-human nuclear primary antibody is specific because the positive staining of the human nuclei antigen was completely colocalized with the nuclei of hUC-MSCs. The human nuclei antigen was detected in the nucleus of the follicles of MSC-treated animals, and was also found in the non-nuclear ovarian tissue of MSC-treated animals. We speculated that they might be the lysed MSCs because allogeneic MSCs were susceptible to lysis by cytotoxic CD8( +) T and NK cells [46]. hUC-MSCs detected near the follicles suggest that hUC-MSCs can survive in mice and play a therapeutic role [47]. The homing of stem cells means that they can migrate directly to damaged tissues on impulse and survive there under the stimulation of multiple factors, which helps the ovaries to recover. Liu et al. demonstrated that MSCs return to the ovaries through blood circulation to restore the ovarian structure and function of POF model rats [48]. Gabr et al. showed that MSCs can locate and survive in the damaged ovary, thereby promoting the restoration of the histological structure and endocrine function of the ovary [49]. This result is consistent with the experimental results of Mohamed et al. [36] and Song et al. [50] found that hUC-MSCs can survive in vivo for 4 weeks. Therefore, we selected 60 days as the longest study time to test the therapeutic effect of hUC-MSCs. These results are consistent with those of Xiao [51] and Jaalie [52] et al. who found that MSCs may support the survival of ovarian follicles through paracrine.

Improvement in female sex hormone levels is an important indicator of ovarian function restoration. Hormonal imbalance with a low concentration of E2 and a high concentration of FSH in serum is a typical symptom of POF [53]. In the present study, 60 days after POF model induction, the E2 and FSH levels of mice injected multiple times with hUC-MSCs were restored, indicating that multiple transplantation of hUC-MSCs can improve the ovarian endocrine function damaged by chemotherapy drugs. In the fertility test, we found that the fertility of POF mice treated with hUC-MSCs was significantly restored on D14 and D60. The results showed that hUC-MSCs have a long-term treatment effect on the ovaries of POF mice and can significantly restore ovary fertility. To confirm hUC-MSC ovarian function improvement, we evaluated the ovary organ coefficient and the number of follicles. The ovary organ coefficient significantly increased in the multiple transplantation group compared with the POF group. After hUC-MSC transplantation, all follicle stages in the MSC group were more enhanced than those in the POF group. In the ovaries of chemotherapy-induced POF mice, there remained some primordial and primary follicles. Fourteen days after POF induction, the numbers of primitive and mature follicles increased significantly in the single hUC-MSC treatment group compared with the POF group. It is possible that hUC-MSCs temporarily prevent follicular atresia and maintain follicular development in the ovaries of POF mice [54]. AMH, secreted by follicular granulosa cells, is one of the best indicators of ovarian reserve [55]. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the AMH that was specifically stained on antral follicles. The number of follicles at all stages in POF mice was lower than that in the sham operation group, but a small number of follicles were still produced. The results of AMH immunohistochemistry showed that the granulosa cells of antral follicles in the POF group had little AMH staining, suggesting that even if a small number of antral follicles were produced in the POF group, the ovarian function was still difficult to recover. Ki67 is a key factor in ribosome synthesis during cell division, which is necessary for cell proliferation [56]. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of AMH and Ki67 in the ovarian tissue of mice in the multiple hUC-MSC treatment group was significantly upregulated compared with the POF group at 28 and 60 days after POF induction. There was also an upregulation trend in the single hUC-MSC injection group, but there was no significant difference. It is possible that multiple transplantation of hUC-MSCs has a better recovery effect on the POF ovarian reserve.

To further verify the effect of hUC-MSCs on the restoration of ovarian function at the gene level, we used qRT-PCR to evaluate the expression of FSHR, INHIBINα, and INHIBINβ. The results showed that the expression in the hUC-MSC group was higher than that in the POF group. Under hUC-MSC treatment, ovarian granulosa cell and FSH secretion increased, restoring ovarian function. As the hUC-MSC treatment group promoted the expression of ovarian development-related factors compared with the POF group and significantly restored the number of follicles and organ coefficients, this suggests that hUC-MSCs has a therapeutic effect on POF. In order to further explore the molecular mechanism of hUC-MSCs repairing POF mice, we used miRNA and mRNA chips for screening. In miRNA chips, 18 miRNAs were found to be upregulated in POF, and their expression was restored after hUC-MSC treatment. At the same time, 38 downregulated miRNAs in POF were screened out, and their expression was restored after hUC-MSC treatment. In the mRNA chip, 55 mRNAs were upregulated in POF and recovered after hUC-MSC treatment. Overall, 21 mRNAs were downregulated in POF and recovered after hUC-MSC treatment. In summary, hUC-MSC transplantation can treat chemotherapy-induced POF. The organ coefficient and hormone level recovery effect in multiple transplantation mice were superior to those in single transplantation mice. However, further investigations are needed to confirm the mechanism involved in ovarian function recovery.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Rudnicka E, Kruszewska J, Klicka K, et al. Premature ovarian insufficiency - aetiopathology, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation. Prz Menopauzalny. 2018;17(3):105–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Jankowska K. Premature ovarian failure. Prz Menopauzalny. 2017;16(2):51–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Jin MC, Medress ZA, Azad TD, Doulames VM, Veeravagu A. Stem cell therapies for acute spinal cord injury in humans: a review. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(3):E10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Casiraghi F, Remuzzi G. Mesenchymal stromal cells in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2019;28(1):40–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bartczak A, McGilvray I, Keating A. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy to promote cardiac tissue regeneration and repair. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2017;22(1):86–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Esfandyari S, Chugh RM, Park HS, Hobeika E, Ulin M, Al-Hendy A. Mesenchymal stem cells as a bio organ for treatment of female infertility. Cells. 2020;9(10):2253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Wang J, Ju B, Pan C, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Application of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions in rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;39(4):1553–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Abomaray F, Gidlöf S, Bezubik B, Engman M, Götherström C. Mesenchymal stromal cells support endometriotic stromal cells in vivo. Stem Cells Int. 2018;2018:7318513.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Xie Q, Xiong X, Xiao N, He K, Chen M, Peng J, Su X, Mei H, Dai Y, Wei D, Lin G, Cheng L. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate DHEA-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by inhibiting inflammation in mice. Stem Cells Int. 2019;2019:9782373.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Manshadi MD, Navid S, Hoshino Y, Daneshi E, Noory P, Abbasi M. The effects of human menstrual blood stem cells-derived granulosa cells on ovarian follicle formation in a rat model of premature ovarian failure. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(6):635–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Terraciano P, Garcez T, Ayres L, Durli I, Baggio M, Kuhl CP, Laurino C, Passos E, Paz AH, Cirne-Lima E. Cell therapy for chemically induced ovarian failure in mice. Stem Cells Int. 2014;2014:720753.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Yang M, Lin L, Sha C, Li T, Zhao D, Wei H, Chen Q, Liu Y, Chen X, Xu W, Li Y, Zhu X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-144-5p improves rat ovarian function after chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure by targeting PTEN. Lab Invest. 2020;100(3):342–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Nagamura-Inoue T, He H. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Their advantages and potential clinical utility. World J Stem Cells. 2014;6(2):195–202.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Ahmadian S, Mahdipour M, Pazhang M, et al. Effectiveness of stem cell therapy in the treatment of ovarian disorders and female infertility: A systematic review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;2(14):173–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Huhtaniemi I, Hovatta O, La Marca A, et al. Advances in the molecular pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of primary ovarian insufficiency. Trends Endocrinol Metabol. 2018;29(6):400–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang S, Zhu D, Mei X, et al. Advances in biomaterials and regenerative medicine for primary ovarian insufficiency therapy. Bioact Mater. 2020;6(7):1957–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta S, Lodha P, Karthick MS, Tandulwadkar SR. Role of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy for follicular recruitment in premature ovarian insufficiency: Review of literature and a case report of world’s first baby with ovarian autologous stem cell therapy in a perimenopausal woman of age 45 year. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(2):125–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Ahmadian S, Sheshpari S, Pazhang M et al. Intra-ovarian injection of platelet-rich plasma into ovarian tissue promoted rejuvenation in the rat model of premature ovarian insufficiency and restored ovulation rate via angiogenesis modulation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2020;78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-020-00638-4.

  19. Ling L, Feng X, Wei T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Tang D, Luo Y, Xiong Z. Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hAD-MSC) transplantation improves ovarian function in rats with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) at least partly through a paracrine mechanism. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Na J, Kim GJ. Recent trends in stem cell therapy for premature ovarian insufficiency and its therapeutic potential: a review. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13(1):74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang H, Yang H, Xie Z, Wei L, Bi J. Systemic transplantation of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells-educated T regulatory cells improved the impaired cognition in AβPPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e69129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Yang H, Sun J, Li Y, Duan WM, Bi J, Qu T. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress proliferation of PHA-activated lymphocytes in vivo by inducing CD4+CD25highCD45RA+ regulatory T cell production and modulating cytokine secretion. Cell Immunol. 2016;302:26–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lai D, Wang F, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Cheng W. Human amniotic fluid stem cells have a potential to recover ovarian function in mice with chemotherapy-induced sterility. BMC Dev Biol. 2013;13(1):1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J, Klüter H, Bieback K. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells. 2006;24(5):1294–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Savickiene J, Treigyte G, Baronaite S, Valiuliene G, Kaupinis A, Valius M, et al. Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells from second- and third-trimester amniocentesis: Differentiation potential, molecular signature, and proteome analysis. Stem Cells Int. 2015:319238. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/319238.

  26. Cizkova K, Foltynkova T, Gachechiladze M, Tauber Z. Comparative analysis of immunohistochemical staining intensity determined by light microscopy, ImageJ and QuPath in placental hofbauer cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2021;54(1):21–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Meczekalski B, Maciejewska-Jeske M, Podfigurna A. Reproduction in premature ovarian insufficiency patients - from latest studies to therapeutic approach. Prz Menopauzalny. 2018;17(3):117–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Na J, Kim GJ. Recent trends in stem cell therapy for premature ovarian insufficiency and its therapeutic potential: A review. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13(1):74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ghahremani-Nasab M, Ghanbari E, Jahanbani Y, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Premature ovarian failure and tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(5):4217–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Takae S, Suzuki N. Current state and future possibilities of ovarian tissue transplantation. Reprod Med Biol. 2019;18(3):217–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sheshpari S, Shahnazi M, Mobarak H, Ahmadian S, Bedate AM, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Nouri M, Rahbarghazi R, Mahdipour M. Ovarian function and reproductive outcome after ovarian tissue transplantation: A systematic review. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):396.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sauerbrun-Cutler MT, Brown EC, Huber WJ, Has P, Frishman GN. Society for assisted reproductive technology advertising guidelines: How are member clinics doing? Fertil Steril. 2021;115(1):104–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mobarak H, Heidarpour M, Tsai PJ, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R, Nouri M, Mahdipour M. Autologous mitochondrial microinjection; A strategy to improve the oocyte quality and subsequent reproductive outcome during aging. Cell Biosci. 2019;9:95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Kawamura K, Kawamura N, Hsueh AJ. Activation of dormant follicles: A new treatment for premature ovarian failure? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;28(3):217–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Vizoso FJ, Eiro N, Cid S, Schneider J, Perez-Fernandez R. Mesenchymal stem cell secretome: Toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(9):1852.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mohamed SA, Shalaby SM, Abdelaziz M, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells partially reverse infertility in chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Reprod Sci. 2018;25(1):51–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rahyussalim AJ, Saleh I, Kurniawati T, Lutfi APWY. Improvement of renal function after human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell treatment on chronic renal failure and thoracic spinal cord entrapment: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2017;11(1):334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Muñiz C, Teodosio C, Mayado A. Ex vivo identification and characterization of a population of CD13high CD105+ CD45- mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6(1):169.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ramos TL, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Muntión S. MSC surface markers (CD44, CD73, and CD90) can identify human MSC-derived extracellular vesicles by conventional flow cytometry. Cell Commun Signal. 2016;14:2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ghaneialvar H, Soltani L, Rahmani HR. Characterization and classification of mesenchymal stem cells in several species using surface markers for cell therapy purposes. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2018;33(1):46–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim J, Lee Y, Kim H, Hwang KJ, Kwon HC, Kim SK, et al. Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stem cells. Cell Prolif. 2007;40:75–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Rentsch C, Hess R, Rentsch B, Hofmann A, Manthey S, Scharnweber D, et al. Ovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: isolation and characterization of the cells and their osteogenic differentiation potential on embroidered and surface-modified polycaprolactone-co-lactide scaffolds. Vivo Cell Dev Biol-Animal. 2010;46:624–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tsai MS, Hwang SM, Tsai YL, Cheng FC, Lee JL, Chang YJ. Clonal amniotic fluid-derived stem cells express characteristics of both mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Biol Reprod. 2006;74:545–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Brown C, McKee C, Bakshi S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: Cell therapy and regeneration potential. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019;13(9):1738–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature. 2002;418(6893):41–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Crop MJ, Korevaar SS, de Kuiper R, IJzermans JN, van Besouw NM, Baan CC, Weimar W, Hoogduijn MJ. Human mesenchymal stem cells are susceptible to lysis by CD8(+) T cells and NK cells. Cell Transplant. 2011;20(10):1547–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI. Getting to the site of inflammation: The leukocyte adhesion cascade updated. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:678–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Liu J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li N, Wen Y, Cao F, Ai H, Xue X. Homing and restorative effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on cisplatin injured ovaries in rats. Mol Cells. 2014;37(12):865–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gabr H, Rateb MA, El Sissy MH, Ahmed Seddiek H, Ali Abdelhameed Gouda S. The effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on chemotherapy induced ovarian failure in albino rats. Microsc Res Tech. 2016;79(10):938–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Song D, Zhong Y, Qian C, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells therapy in cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure rat model. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2517514.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Xiao GY, Liu IH, Cheng CC, et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells prevent follicle atresia and rescue fertility of mice with premature ovarian failure induced by chemotherapy. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jalalie L, Rezaie MJ, Jalili A, et al. Distribution of the CM-Dil-labeled human umbilical cord vein mesenchymal stem cells migrated to the cyclophosphamide-injured ovaries in C57BL/6 mice. Iran Biomed J. 2019;23(3):200–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Torrealday S, Pal L. Premature menopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44:543–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Xiao GY, Liu IH, Cheng CC, et al. Amniotic fluid stem cells prevent follicle atresia and rescue fertility of mice with premature ovarian failure induced by chemotherapy. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Seifer DB, MacLaughlin DT, Christian BP. Early follicular serum müllerian-inhibiting substance levels are associated with ovarian response during assisted reproductive technology cycles. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(3):468–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. MacCallum DE, Hall PA. The location of pKi67 in the outer dense fibrillary compartment of the nucleolus points to a role in ribosome biogenesis during the cell division cycle. J Pathol. 2000;190(5):537–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Shi Tian for experimental technical support.

Funding

This work was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81771590), the National Research Institute for Family Planning (No. 2020GJZ02), and Special Funds for Fundamental Research Expenses of Central Universities (3332020111).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xiaodan Lv and Chunyi Guan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Reproductive and Genetic Center of the National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China

    Xiaodan Lv, Chunyi Guan, Ying Li, Xing Su, Lu Zhang, Xueqin Wang, Hong-Fei Xia & Xu Ma

  2. Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China

    Xiaodan Lv, Chunyi Guan, Ying Li, Xing Su, Lu Zhang, Xueqin Wang, Hong-Fei Xia & Xu Ma

Authors
  1. Xiaodan Lv
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chunyi Guan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xing Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xueqin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hong-Fei Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xu Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Xiaodan Lv and Lu Zhang performed animal experiments and data processing, Chunyi Guan wrote the manuscript, Ying Li performed histological analysis, Xueqin Wang and Xing Su performed molecular experiments, and Xu Ma and Hongfei Xia provided funding and experimental guidance. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hong-Fei Xia or Xu Ma.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The animal-related experiments, including the isolation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and the mouse premature ovarian failure modeling, were approved by the China National Research Institute for Family Planning (ethics number 2015–16). All applicable institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Consent for publication

All authors gave consent for publication.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lv, X., Guan, C., Li, Y. et al. Effects of single and multiple transplantations of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the recovery of ovarian function in the treatment of premature ovarian failure in mice. J Ovarian Res 14, 119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-021-00871-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-021-00871-4

Keywords

Journal of Ovarian Research

ISSN: 1757-2215

Contact us